Ua ulu ʻo Homo sapiens a i ʻole ke kanaka hou ma kahi o 200,000 mau makahiki i hala ma ʻApelika Hikina kokoke i ʻAitiopa i kēia manawa. Noho lākou ma ʻApelika no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ma kahi o 55,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua hoʻopuehu lākou i nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua a me Eurasia a hoʻomau i ka hoʻomalu i ka honua i ka manawa kūpono.
Ua loaʻa ka hōʻike kahiko loa o ke ola ʻana o ke kanaka ma ʻEulopa ma ke Ana ʻo Bacho Kiro, Bulgaria . Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke koena kanaka ma kēia wahi he 47,000 mau makahiki, e hōʻike ana ua hōʻea ʻo H. sapiens i ʻEulopa Hikina ma 47,000 mau makahiki ma mua.
ʻOiai, ʻo Eurasia ka ʻāina o nā neanderthals ( homo neanderthalensis), he ʻano kanaka kahiko i pau i noho ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia ma waena o 400,000 mau makahiki ma mua o kēia manawa a hiki i kahi o 40,000 mau makahiki ma mua o kēia manawa. He poʻe hana mea hana a he poʻe hahai holoholona maikaʻi lākou. ʻAʻole i ulu ʻo H. sapiens mai nā neanderthals. Akā, he mau hoahānau pili lāua ʻelua. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala, ua ʻokoʻa loa nā neanderthals mai Homo sapiens ma ke ʻano anatomical ma ke poʻo, nā iwi pepeiao a me ka pelvis. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea mua, he kino momona a he mau kuʻemaka kaumaha a me nā ihu nui. No laila, ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o nā ʻano kino, ua manaʻo ʻia nā neanderthals a me nā homo sapiens he ʻelua ʻano like ʻole. Eia naʻe, ua hui pū ʻo H. neanderthalensis lāua ʻo H. sapiens ma waho o ʻApelika i ka wā i hui ai nā mea hope me nā neanderthals ma Eurasia ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana iā ʻApelika. ʻO nā heluna kanaka o kēia manawa nona nā kūpuna i noho ma waho o ʻApelika he 2% neanderthal DNA i loko o kā lākou genome. Loaʻa nā kūpuna Neanderthal i nā heluna kanaka ʻApelika o kēia au a malia paha ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe ʻEulopa i ʻApelika i nā makahiki he 20,000 i hala.
Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ke ola like ʻana o nā neanderthal a me nā H. sapiens ma ʻEulopa . Ua manaʻo kekahi ua nalowale nā neanderthal mai ke komohana ʻākau o ʻEulopa ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o H. sapiens. Ma muli o ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea hana pōhaku a me nā ʻāpana o nā koena iwi ma kahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo inā pili nā pae i ʻeli ʻia ma nā wahi archaeological me nā Neanderthal a i ʻole H. sapiens. Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ʻEulopa , ua noho pū anei ʻo H. sapiens me (neanderthals) ma mua o ka pau ʻana o nā neanderthal?
ʻO Lincombian–Ranisian–Jerzmanowician (LRJ) ʻoihana mea hana pōhaku ma ke kahua archaeological ma Ilsenhöhle ma Ranis, Kelemānia he hihia hoihoi. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia inā pili kēia pūnaewele me nā neanderthal a i ʻole H. sapiens.
Ma nā haʻawina i paʻi ʻia nei, ua unuhi nā kānaka noiʻi i ka DNA kahiko mai nā ʻāpana iwi mai kēia wahi a ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i ka DNA mitochondrial a me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa pololei ʻana o ke kalapona radiocarbon o nā koena i ʻike ʻia no ka heluna kanaka o kēia wā nā koena a he 45,000 mau makahiki ko lākou mau makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi nā koena H. sapiens mua loa ma ʻEulopa ʻĀkau.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ua noho nā Homo sapiens ma waena a me ke komohana ʻākau o ʻEulopa ma mua loa o ka pau ʻana o nā Neanderthals ma ke komohana hema o ʻEulopa a ua hōʻike ʻia ua noho pū nā ʻano ʻelua ma ʻEulopa i ka wā hoʻololi no kahi o 15,000 mau makahiki. ʻO H. sapiens ma LRJ he mau hui paionia liʻiliʻi i pili i nā heluna nui o H. sapiens ma ka hikina a me ke kikowaena o ʻEulopa. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ma kahi o 45,000-43,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua lanakila ke aniau anuanu ma nā wahi ma Ilsenhöhle a he ʻano steppe anuanu. Hōʻike nā iwi kanaka i hoʻopaʻa pololei ʻia ma kahi e hiki ai iā H. sapiens ke hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele a hana pēlā e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana anuanu koʻikoʻi.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā haʻawina no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia kahi laha mua o H. sapiens i nā steppes anu ma ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa 45,000 mau makahiki i hala. Hiki i nā kānaka ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana anuanu loa a hana ma ke ʻano he mau hui liʻiliʻi o nā paionia.
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E hoʻomaopopo ':
- Mylopotamitaki, D., Weiss, M., Fewlass, H. ¶ AL. Ua hōʻea ʻo Homo sapiens i nā latitu kiʻekiʻe o ʻEulopa ma 45,000 mau makahiki i hala. Nature 626, 341–346 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06923-7
- Pederzani, S., Britton, K., Trost, M. ¶ AL. Hōʻike nā isotopes paʻa i ka Homo sapiens i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o nā steppes anu ~ 45,000 makahiki aku nei ma Ilsenhöhle ma Ranis, Kelemānia. Nat Ecol Evol(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02318-z
- Smith, GM, Ruebens, K., Zavala, EI ¶ AL. ʻO ka ecology, subsistence a me ka meaʻai o ~45,000-makahiki Homo sapiens ma Ilsenhöhle ma Ranis, Kelemānia. Nat Ecol Evol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6
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 stone-tool industry at the archaeological site at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany is an interesting case. It could not be conclusively proved whether this site is associated with neanderthals or H. sapiens. In studies published recently, researchers extracted the ancient DNA from the skeletal fragments from this site and upon mitochondrial DNA analysis and direct radiocarbon dating of the remains found that remains belonged to modern human population and were about 45,000 years old which makes it the earliest H. sapiens remains in Northern Europe.){kind=link}