ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana "ʻohana a me ka pilina" (i aʻo mau ʻia e ka anthropology a me ka ethnography) o nā hui prehistoric ma muli o nā kumu maopopo. Mea paahana o DNA kahiko ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana me nā ʻano archaeological ua hana hou i nā kumulāʻau ʻohana (pedigrees) o nā kānaka i noho ma kahi o 6000 mau makahiki aku nei ma nā kahua Pelekane a me Palani. Hōʻike ka hōʻike ʻana i ka moʻomeheu patrilineal, ka noho patrilocal a me ka exogamy wahine he hana maʻamau ma nā kahua ʻelua ʻEulopa. Ma ke kahua o Gurgy ma Farani, ʻo ka monogamy ka mea maʻamau ʻoiai aia nā hōʻike o nā uniona polygamous ma ke kahua Pelekane o North Long Cairn. Mea paahana o DNA kahiko Ua maʻalahi ka noiʻi ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana o ka anthropology a me ka ethnography i ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana pili o nā kaiāulu prehistoric i hiki ʻole ke hana ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻopaʻa mau ka poʻe antropologists a i ʻole ethnographers i "nā ʻohana a me nā ʻōnaehana pili" o nā hui akā ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ia mau haʻawina o nā hui kahiko prehistoric he pāʻani pila ʻokoʻa loa no ka mea ʻo nā mea āpau e aʻo ai he mau pōʻaiapili a me nā koena archaeological me nā mea waiwai a me nā iwi. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua loli nā mea no ka holomua maikaʻi i ka archaeogenetics a i ʻole DNA kahiko (aDNA) noiʻi. I kēia manawa, hiki ke hōʻiliʻili, unuhi, hoʻonui a kālailai i nā kaʻina o DNA lawe ʻia mai nā koena kanaka kahiko i ola i mau kaukani makahiki aku nei. ʻO ka pilina pili ola ma waena o kēlā me kēia kanaka ka mea nui i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mālama ʻana, kaʻana like ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a me nā ʻano moʻomeheu i waena o nā lālā o ka ʻohana e hoʻohana ʻia me nā polokalamu ʻike pili pili. ʻOiai nā palena e kū mai ana ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hāʻawi nā polokalamu i ka ʻike like ʻana o nā pilina pili1. Me ke kōkua o aDNA mea paahana, ua hiki ke hoʻokahe i nā kukui ma luna o "ʻohana a me ka pilina" nenoai o nā kaiaulu prehistoric. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke hoʻololi nei paha ka molecular biology i nā ʻāina o ka anthropology a me ka ethnography.
He kahua kanu o neolithic Britain ma Hazleton North Long Cairn ma Gloucestershire ma ke komohana hema ʻEnelani ua hoʻolako i nā koena o nā kānaka i noho ma kahi o 5,700 makahiki aku nei. ʻO nā kānana genetic o 35 mau kānaka mai kēia pūnaewele i alakaʻi i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i kahi moʻopuna ʻohana ʻelima mau makahiki i hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka ʻohana patrilineal. He mau wahine i hanau me na kane kuauhau, aka, aole nae he mau kaikamahine na ka hanauna e pili ana i ka noho patrilocal a me ka wahine exogamy. Hoʻokahi kāne i hānau hou me ʻehā mau wahine (manaʻo ʻia no ka polygamy). ʻAʻole nā kānaka a pau i pili kokoke i ka moʻokūʻauhau nui e ʻōlelo ana ua ʻoi aku ka pilina pili ma mua o ka pili olaola e kuhikuhi ana i nā hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa.2.
Ma kahi noiʻi nui hou i paʻi ʻia ma 26th Iulai 2023, 100 kanaka (i noho 6,700 makahiki aku nei ma kahi o 4850–4500 BC) mai ke kahua kanu neolithic o Gurgy 'Les Noisats' ma ka ʻāina ʻo Paris Basin ma ka ʻākau o kēia manawa. Palani ua aʻo ʻia e kahi hui Franco-German o nā mea noiʻi mai ka PACEA laboratory ma Bordeaux, Farani, a mai ka Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology ma Leipzig, Kelemānia. Ua hoʻohui ʻia nā kānaka mai kēia pūnaewele e ʻelua pedigrees (nā lāʻau ʻohana) i ʻehiku mau hanauna. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana ʻaneʻane pili nā kānaka a pau i ka ʻohana ma o ka laina o ko lākou makuakāne e manaʻo nei he ʻohana patrilineal. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe wahine makua i kanu ʻia kona mau mākua ma kēia kahua. Kuhi ʻia kēia i ka hana o ka exogamy wahine a me ka noho patrilocal ʻo ia hoʻi, ua neʻe nā wahine mai kona wahi hānau a i kahi o kāna hoa hānau kāne. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka consanguinity pili pili (hana ma waena o nā mea pili pili). ʻAʻole like me ka paena neolithic Pelekania ma Hazleton North Long Cairn, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā kaikunāne hapa ma ka kahua Farani. Hōʻike kēia i ka monogamy ka hana maʻamau ma ke kahua o Gurgy3,4.
No laila, hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ʻia ka moʻopuna patrilineal, ka noho patrilocal a me ka exogamy wahine ma nā wahi ʻelua o ʻEulopa. Ma ke kahua ʻo Gurgy, ʻo ka monogamy ka mea maʻamau ʻoiai aia nā hōʻike o nā uniona polygamous ma ke kahua o North Long Cairn. Mea paahana o DNA kahiko ʻO ka noiʻi hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano archaeological hiki ke hāʻawi i ka manaʻo kūpono o nā ʻōnaehana "ʻohana a me ka pilina" o nā kaiāulu prehistoric i loaʻa ʻole i ka anthropology a me ka ethnography inā ʻaʻole.
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E hoʻomaopopo ':
- Marsh, WA, Brace, S. & Barnes, I. Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pilina pili ola ma nā ʻikepili kahiko: ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pane o nā pūʻolo lako polokalamu kikoʻī DNA kahiko i ka ʻikepili haʻahaʻa. BMC Genomics 24, 111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09198-4
- Fowler, C., Olalde, I., Cummings, V. et al. He kiʻi hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o nā hana pili i loko o kahi lua kupapaʻu Neolithic Early. Nature 601, 584–587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4
- Rivollat, M., Rohrlach, AB, Ringbauer, H. et al. Hōʻike nā pedigrees nui i ka hui kaiaulu o kahi kaiāulu Neolithic. Nature (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06350-8
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 2023. Nūhou – Nā lāʻau ʻohana mai ka European Neolithic. Hoʻopuka ʻia 26 Iulai 2023. Loaʻa ma https://www.mpg.de/20653021/0721-evan-family-trees-from-the-european-neolithic-150495-x
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