ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui i ka moʻolelo o ka nohona kanaka, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana kākau e pili ana i nā hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i nā leo o kahi ʻōlelo. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau hōʻailona he alphabets. Hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana kākau alphabetic i kahi helu palena o nā hōʻailona a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka pilina wānana ma waena o nā kani a me nā hōʻailona. I kēia manawa, manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka palapala pīʻāpā i ka makahiki 1800 BCE ma muli o ka hōʻike 2022 o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hui ʻelepani ma Tel Lachish i kākau ʻia me kahi ʻōlelo i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Kanaʻana. Eia naʻe, manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā palapala ma nā pahu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi mai 2400 BCE i ʻeli ʻia ma Umm el-Marra ma Suria ma 2004 he mau hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i nā leo o kahi ʻōlelo. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke unuhi ʻia nā palapala a no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke ʻano maoli. E hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia ka nīnau inā ʻo ka 2400 BC paha nā hōʻike mua loa o ka palapala pīʻāpā i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai ke ʻano o nā palapala ma kēia mau mea kiʻi kiʻi i nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana.
He ʻokoʻa ʻo Homo sapiens i ke aupuni ola ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi musculature oro-facial maʻalahi e hana i nā leo kūpono kūpono e kamaʻilio i nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōlelo (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho o ke kamaʻilio) ma luna o ke kumu o ka kamaʻilio waha. I ka manawa kūpono, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻōnaehana kākau e hoʻohana ana i nā hōʻailona a me nā lula e hoʻopili i nā ʻano o nā ʻōlelo ʻōlelo. Ma ke ʻano he hōʻike mau ʻana o ka ʻōlelo ʻōlelo, ua maʻalahi ke kākau ʻana i ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka ʻike a ua pāʻani nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka nohona.
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana kākau mua loa e like me Sumerian (3400 BC -1 AD), ʻOʻAigupita Hieroglyphics (3200 BC – 400 AD), Akkadian (2500 BC), Eblaite (2400 BC – 550 BC), a awāwa Indus (2600 BC -1900 BC) hoʻohana i nā kiʻi kiʻi (nā kiʻi e hōʻike i nā huaʻōlelo a i ʻole nā manaʻo), nā ideographs (nā huaʻōlelo e like me nā huaʻōlelo Kina), a me nā logographs (nā hōʻailona a i ʻole nā huaʻōlelo e hōʻike ana i kahi huaʻōlelo a i ʻole nā huaʻōlelo) i hōʻailona e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻōlelo ʻōlelo. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana kākau o kekahi mau ʻōlelo hou e like me ka Pākē, Kepanī, a me Kolea pū kekahi i kēia ʻāpana. Hōʻike kēlā me kēia hōʻailona hoʻopili i hoʻokahi mea, hoʻokahi manaʻo, a i ʻole hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo a ʻōlelo paha. No laila, pono kēia mau ʻōnaehana kākau i ka helu nui o nā hōʻailona. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o 50,000 mau hōʻailona e hōʻike i nā huaʻōlelo a me nā manaʻo ma ka ʻōlelo Kina. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke aʻo ʻana i ia ʻōnaehana kākau.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui i ka moʻolelo o ka nohona kanaka, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana kākau e pili ana i nā hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i nā leo o kahi ʻōlelo. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau hōʻailona he alphabets. Ma nā ʻōnaehana kākau pīʻāpā e like me ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, hōʻike nā hōʻailona 26 (a i ʻole alphabets) a me kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona i nā leo o ka ʻōlelo Pelekania.
Hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana kākau alphabetic i ka helu palena o nā hōʻailona a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka pilina wānana ma waena o nā kani a me nā hōʻailona. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o nā kākau ʻole alphabetic e aʻo a hāʻawi i nā manawa pau ʻole e kamaʻilio me ka maʻalahi a me ka pololei. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā alphabets he maʻalahi ka laha ʻana o ka ʻike a me nā manaʻo. Ua wehe ʻia ka puka i ke aʻo ʻana a ua hiki i nā poʻe he nui ke heluhelu a kākau a komo i ke kālepa a me ke kālepa, ka hoʻomalu a me nā hana moʻomeheu i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i ka moʻomeheu hou me ka ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana kākau alphabetic e pili mau ana ma mua o ka wā.
Akā, i ka manawa hea i haku ʻia ai nā alphabets? He aha ka hōʻike mua loa o ka ʻōnaehana kākau alphabetic?
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana limestone i kākau ʻia me kahi papa inoa huaʻōlelo ʻAigupita kahiko i ka makahiki 2015. Ua loaʻa ia ma kahi lua kupapaʻu kahiko o ʻAigupita kokoke i Luxor. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā huaʻōlelo ma ka palapala e like me ko lākou kani mua. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mea hana i ka makahiki 15th kenekulia BC a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hōʻike mua loa o ka kākau ʻana i ka pīʻāpā.
Eia nō naʻe, ua loli ke kūlana me 2022 hōʻike o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea kahiko kahiko. ʻO ka hui Ivory i kākau ʻia me kahi huaʻōlelo i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Kanaʻana i ʻike ʻia ma Tel Lachish he 17 mau leka mai ka pae mua o ka hana ʻana o ka pīʻāpā i hana ʻia i ʻehiku mau huaʻōlelo. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻelepani mai ka makahiki 1700 BC. Ma muli o kēia pili ʻana, manaʻo ʻia ua haku ʻia ka pīʻāpā ma kahi o 1800 BC. Akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka moʻolelo o ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana kākau alphabetic.
Ma 2004, ua ʻike ʻia ʻehā mau mea cylindrical liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia me ka pālolo ma kahi o 4 cms ka lōʻihi ma kahi ʻeli ma Umm el-Marra ma Suria. Loaʻa nā kiʻi kiʻi i nā papa o ka Early Bronze Age, mai 2300 BCE. Ua hōʻoia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka carbon mai ka 2400 BC. Ua hōʻailona ʻia nā mea cylindrical i hōʻoia ʻia he palapala akā ʻaʻole maopopo ka logo-syllabic cuneiform. Ua like nā palapala me nā hieroglyphs ʻAigupita akā ua ʻike ʻia e like me ke kākau alphabetic Semitic.
Ua manaʻo ka mea noiʻi i kēia manawa ʻo nā hōʻailona ma nā pahu pālolo he mau hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i nā kani e pili ana i a, i, k, l, n, s a me y. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i unuhi ʻia nā palapala no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke ʻano maoli.
E hoʻoholo maikaʻi ʻia ka nīnau inā ʻo 2400 BCE nā hōʻike mua loa o ke kākau ʻana i ka pīʻāpā i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai nā manaʻo o nā palapala ma nā pahu palolo i loaʻa ma Umm el-Marra ma 2004 i kekahi noiʻi e hiki mai ana.
***
E hoʻomaopopo ':
- Leiden University. Nūhou - Ua ʻike ʻia ka papa inoa huaʻōlelo alphabetic mua loa. Hoʻouna ʻia 05 Nowemapa 2015. Loaʻa ma https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2015/11/earliest-known-alphabetic-word-list-discovered
- Kulanui Hebera. ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua loa i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Kanaʻana i ʻike ʻia ma Tel Lachish: Hebrew U. Unnearths Ivory Comb from 1700 BCE Inscribed with Plea to Eradicate Lice—”E ʻaʻa kēia ʻiʻo [ivory] i nā ʻukū o ka lauoho a me ka ʻumiʻumi”. Hoʻopuka ʻia 13 Nowemapa 2022. Loaʻa ma https://en.huji.ac.il/news/first-sentence-ever-written-canaanite-language-discovered-tel-lachish-hebrew-u
- Vainstub, D., 2022. Ka makemake o ka Kanaana e hoopau i ka makika ma ka pulu niho niho i kakauia mai Lakisa. Jerusalem Journal of Archeology, 2022; 2: 76 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00002.4
- Ke Kulanui o Johns Hopkins. Nūhou - Ua hoʻomaka paha ka palapala alphabetic i 500 mau makahiki ma mua o ka manaʻoʻiʻo. Hoʻopuka ʻia 13 Iulai 2021. Loaʻa ma https://hub.jhu.edu/2021/07/13/alphabetic-writing-500-years-earlier-glenn-schwartz/
- Ke Kulanui o Johns Hopkins. Nūhou - ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o ka palapala pīʻāpā kahiko i ʻike ʻia ma ke kūlanakauhale Suria kahiko. Hoʻopuka ʻia 21 Nowemapa 2024. Loaʻa ma https://hub.jhu.edu/2024/11/21/ancient-alphabet-discovered-syria/
***
