ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pane i nā nīnau i wehe ʻia (e like me, nā ʻāpana kumu e hana i nā mea ʻeleʻele, no ke aha ka mea e hoʻomalu ai i ke ao holoʻokoʻa a no ke aha i loaʻa ai ka mea-antimatter asymmetry, he aha ka mea ikaika no ka umekaumaha, ka ikehu ʻeleʻele, neutrino mass etc.) ʻaʻole hiki i ka Model Model ke kamaʻilio, pono paha kekahi e nānā ma waho o ka Model Model a e ʻimi i ke ola ʻana o nā mea hou, nāwaliwali loa e like me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā mea maʻamau. ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka hale LHC i kēia manawa. ʻO ka Future Circular Collider (FCC) i manaʻo ʻia e hiki ke ʻimi i ke ola ʻana o ia mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ma mua o ke kumu hoʻohālike. Ua nānā ka CERN Council i ka hōʻike FCC Feasibility Study. Manaʻo ʻia kahi hoʻoholo hope loa e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana o FCC e ka CERN Council ma kahi o 2028. Inā ʻae ʻia, hiki ke hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana o FCC i 2030s. Aia ma kahi o 100 km ka pōʻai ma kahi o 200 mika ma lalo o ka ʻāina kokoke i ka wahi like me ka LHC kokoke i Geneva. E kūleʻa ana ia i ka Large Hadron Collider (LHC), ʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai i ka hopena o nā hana ma 2041. E hoʻokō ʻia ka FCC i ʻelua mau pae. ʻO ka pae mua, ʻo FCC-ee ka mea hoʻoheheʻe electron-positron no nā ana pololei i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana māmā, e hāʻawi ana i kahi papahana noiʻi 15 makahiki mai ka hopena o 2040s. I ka pau ʻana o kēia kaʻina, e hoʻouna ʻia kahi mīkini lua, ka FCC-hh (kiʻekiʻe ikaika), i loko o ka tunnel hoʻokahi. ʻO ka pae ʻelua e manaʻo e hōʻea i ka ikaika hui ʻana o 100 TeV (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka 13 TeV o LHC) no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana kaumaha. E hoʻohana ʻia kēia pae i ka makahiki 2070 a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 21.
Ma ka lā 6-7 Nowemapa 2025, ua loiloi ʻo CERN Council (ʻo ia nā ʻelele mai ka lālā o CERN a me nā Hui Hui Hui Pū ʻIa) i ka hopena o ka Feasibility Study no ka Future Circular Collider (FCC) i manaʻo ʻia.
Ma mua, ua hana ʻo CERN i kahi noiʻi e loiloi i ka hiki ke hiki i kahi Future Circular Collider (FCC) me ka hui pū ʻana me nā hui ma CERN's Member and Associate Member States a ma waho aʻe. Ua hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻike ma 31 Malaki 2025 i loiloi ʻia e nā kino haʻahaʻa o ka CERN Council. Ua loiloi pū ʻia ka hōʻike e nā komite loea kūʻokoʻa, i ʻōlelo ʻia he hiki ke hana ʻia ka FCC ma muli o nā palapala i hōʻike ʻia.
Ua nānā nā ʻelele o ka CERN Council i ka hōʻike FCC Feasibility Study ma 6 -7 Nowemapa 2025 ma kahi hālāwai i hoʻolaʻa ʻia a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ka Feasibility Study ke kumu no ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā haʻawina FCC. He hana koʻikoʻi kēia i ka hiki ke ʻae ʻia o FCC e ka CERN Council ma Mei 2026 i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai nā manaʻo āpau i mua o ia no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana. Manaʻo ʻia kahi hoʻoholo hope e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana o FCC e ka CERN Council ma kahi o 2028.
ʻO Future Circular Collider (FCC) kekahi o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻāpana o ka hanauna e hiki mai ana ma CERN. Manaʻo ʻia e kūleʻa ʻo Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a hiki i ka hopena o kāna hana ma 2041. Ke hana nei ʻo CERN i kēia manawa e ʻike i ka collider e hiki mai ana e kūleʻa i ka LHC ʻo ia ka CERN workhorse i kēia manawa.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka makahiki 2008, ʻo ka Large Hadron Collider (LHC) he mea hoʻoheheʻe pōʻai ʻo 27-km i ke anapuni a aia ma 100 m ma lalo o ka ʻāina kokoke i Geneva. I kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka collider nui loa a ikaika loa i ka honua e hoʻopuka i nā collisions ma ka ikehu o 13 teraelectronvolts (TeV) ʻo ia ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa e kahi accelerator a hiki i kēia manawa. Hoʻoikaika ia i nā hadrons a kokoke i ka māmā o ka māmā, a laila hoʻokūkū iā lākou e hoʻohālike i nā kūlana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
| He mau puka makani nā Particle Accelerators/Colliders i ke Universe Early |
| ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa loa e pili ana i ka pae mua loa o ke ao holoʻokoʻa (ʻo nā minuke mua ʻekolu ma hope koke o ka Big Bang) i ka wā i wela loa ai a ua hoʻomalu ʻia ke ao holoʻokoʻa e ka radiation. ʻO ka Plank epoch ka manawa mua o ka wā radiation i mau mai ka Big Bang a hiki i 10-43 s. Me ka mahana o 1032 K, wela loa ke ao nei i keia au. ʻO ka wā Planck i ukali ʻia e ka Quark, Lepton, a me nā au Nukelea; ua pōkole nā mea a pau akā ua hōʻike ʻia e nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa i emi mālie i ka wā e hoʻonui ai ke ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole hiki ke aʻo pololei i kēia māhele mua loa o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea hiki ke hana, ʻo ka hana hou ʻana i nā kūlana o kēia māhele o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i nā mea hoʻokele particle. Hāʻawi ka ʻikepili i hana ʻia e ka hui ʻana o nā ʻāpana i nā accelerators/colliders i kahi puka aniani pololei i ke ao holoʻokoʻa. He mea noiʻi koʻikoʻi nā Colliders i ka physics particle. He mau mīkini poepoe a laina laina paha kēia e hoʻolalelale ana i nā ʻāpana i nā māmā kiʻekiʻe loa kokoke i ka māmā o ka māmā a e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻokuʻi i kahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e hele mai ana mai kahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole i kahi pahu hopu. Hoʻokumu ka hui ʻana i nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa ma ke ʻano o nā trillion o Kelvin (e like me nā kūlana i loaʻa i nā wā mua loa o ka wā radiation). Hoʻohui ʻia ka ikehu o nā ʻāpana huila no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu hui. Hoʻololi ʻia ka ikehu kuʻi ʻana i mea ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana i loaʻa i ke ao holoʻokoʻa e like me ka symmetry mass-energy. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hoʻokuʻi ai nā ʻāpana subatomic electrons me ko lākou mau hoa anti-matterspositrons, make ka mea a me ka anti-matter a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ikehu. ʻO nā ʻano mea like ʻole o nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa hou e hoʻokuʻu mai ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Hiki i nā ʻāpana hou ke higgs bosons a i ʻole nā quark kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia nā ʻano koʻikoʻi nui o nā poloka kūkulu subatomic o ka mea. Malia paha, nā mea ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻāpana supersymmetric pū kekahi, kahi mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO ia mau pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana ikehu kiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana i loaʻa i ka honua mua loa e hāʻawi i nā puka makani i ka honua ʻē aʻe i hiki ʻole ke loaʻa i kēlā manawa a me ka nānā ʻana i nā huahana byproducts o collisions e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i nā ʻāpana kumu a hāʻawi i kahi ala e hoʻomaopopo ai i nā kānāwai hoʻomalu o ka physics. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻolele ʻeleʻele ma ke ʻano he mea noiʻi no ke aʻo ʻana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Hadron (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo CERN's Large Hadron Collider LHC) a me nā electron-positron colliders aia i mua i ka ʻimi ʻana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ua holomua nā hoʻokolohua ATLAS a me CMS ma Large Hadron Collider (LHC) i ka ʻike ʻana iā Higgs boson ma 2012. (Source: Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻāpana no ke aʻo ʻana o "Very early universe": hōʻike ʻia ʻo Muon collider) |
ʻO ka High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL - LHC) o CERN e hoʻonui i ka hana o LHC ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā hui ʻana e ʻae i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mīkini ʻike i ka kikoʻī. Manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia e 2029.
ʻO ka Future Circular Collider (FCC) i manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka hana ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka nui o ka hydron Collider. Hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻimi i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana hou, ʻoi aku ke kaumaha, ma waho aʻe o ka hiki ʻana o ka Large Hadron Collider (LHC) a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana māmā e launa pū me nā mea hoʻohālike maʻamau, ʻo FCC ma kahi o 100 km i ke anapuni ma kahi o 200 mau mika ma lalo o ka honua kokoke i ka wahi like me ka LHC. Inā ʻae ʻia, hoʻomaka paha ke kūkulu ʻana o FCC i 2030s.
E hoʻokō ʻia ka FCC i ʻelua mau pae. ʻO ka pae mua, ʻo FCC-ee ka mea hoʻoheheʻe electron-positron no nā ana pololei. Hāʻawi ia i kahi papahana noiʻi 15 makahiki mai ka hopena o 2040s. I ka pau ʻana o kēia kaʻina, e hoʻouna ʻia kahi mīkini lua, ka FCC-hh (kiʻekiʻe ikehu), i loko o ka tunnel hoʻokahi. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo e hōʻea i ka ikehu collision o 100 TeV colliding hadrons (protons) a me nā ion kaumaha. E hoʻohana ʻia ka FCC-hh i nā makahiki 2070 a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 21.
No ke aha e pono ai ʻo FCC? He aha ke kumu e lawelawe ai?
ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia me nā mea maʻamau baryonic a pau i hana ʻia e mākou a pau he 4.9% wale nō o ka ʻike ikehu nui o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea pōʻeleʻele hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia he 26.8% (aʻo ke koena 68.3% o ka ikehu nui o ke ao holoʻokoʻa he ikehu ʻeleʻele). ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea ʻeleʻele maoli. ʻAʻole loaʻa nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi me nā waiwai pono e lilo i mea ʻeleʻele. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo "nā ʻāpana supersymmetric" nā mea pili i nā ʻāpana o ka Model Standard e hana i nā mea ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), axions, a i ʻole sterile neutrino he mau ʻāpana hypothesized "Ma waho aʻe o ka Model Model" (BSM) e alakaʻi nei i nā moho. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe holomua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea like ʻole. Nui nā nīnau hāmama ʻē aʻe (e like me ka matter-antimatter asymmetry, gravity, dark energy, neutrinomass etc.) ʻaʻole hiki ke pane ʻia ka Model Standard. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomaka ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hana o ka māla Higgs i ka ulu ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o Higgs boson ma 2012 e nā hoʻokolohua ATLAS a me CMS ma ka Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Aia nā pane hiki i nā nīnau hāmama ma luna aʻe ma waho o ka Model Model of particle physics. Pono paha kekahi e ʻimi i ke ola ʻana o nā ʻāpana māmā hou e launa pū ana me nā ʻāpana kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau. Pono kēia i ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili a me ka noʻonoʻo kiʻekiʻe loa i nā hōʻailona o ka hana ʻana o ia mau ʻāpana i lalo o ke ʻano o ka pae mua o FCC ʻo ia hoʻi, FCC-ee (ana pololei). He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka ʻimi ʻana i ke ola ʻana o nā mea hou a ʻoi aku ke kaumaha e koi ai i nā hale hana ikaika. ʻO ka FCC-hh (kiʻekiʻe ikehu), ka lua o ka pae o FCC manaʻo e hōʻea i ka collision energy o 100 TeV (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 13 TeV o LHC). ʻO ke ʻano o ka pae mua electron-positron (e+e-) collider, ua makemake ʻia ke ʻano pōʻai (vis-a-vis linear) no ka mea hiki i ke ʻano pōʻai ke hiki i ka luminosity kiʻekiʻe, a hiki i ʻehā mau hoʻokolohua a hāʻawi i ka ʻenehana no ka lua o ka lua o ka lua o ka lua o ka ikaika hadron collider.
***
E hoʻomaopopo ':
- CERN. Hoʻokuʻu paʻi - loiloi ʻo CERN Council i ke aʻo ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka hui ʻana o ka hanauna e hiki mai ana. 10 Nowemapa 2025. Loaʻa ma https://home.cern/news/press-release/accelerators/cern-council-reviews-feasibility-study-next-generation-collider
- CERN. Hoʻokuʻu paʻi - Hoʻopuka ʻo CERN i ka hōʻike e pili ana i ka hiki ke hiki i ka Future Circular Collider. 31 Malaki 2025. Loaʻa ma https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/cern-releases-report-feasibility-possible-future-circular-collider
- Hoʻopau ʻia ke aʻo kūpono no ka Future Circular Collider https://home.cern/science/cern/fcc-study-media-kit
- Ka Po'ai Po'ai e hiki mai ana https://home.cern/science/accelerators/future-circular-collider
- FCC: ka hihia physics. 27 Malaki 2024. https://cerncourier.com/a/fcc-the-physics-case/
***
Nā pāhana pili:
- Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻāpana no ke aʻo ʻana o "Very early universe": hōʻike ʻia ʻo Muon collider (31 ʻOkakopa 2024)
- Hoʻolauleʻa ʻo CERN i 70 mau makahiki o ka huakaʻi Scientific ma Physics (2 Pepeluali 2024)
***
ʻO kekahi mau wikiō hoʻonaʻauao ma FCC:
***
 that the Standard Model cannot address, one may need to look beyond the Standard Model of particle physics and explore the possible existence of new, lighter particles that interact very weakly with Standard Model particles, as well as explore the existence of new, heavier particles beyond the reach of existing LHC facility. The proposed Future Circular Collider (FCC) would make it possible to search for the existence of such fundamental particles beyond the Standard Model.){kind=link}