ʻO Chernobyl Fungi ma ke ʻano he pale kūʻē i nā kukui Cosmic no nā Misiona Deep-Space 

I ka makahiki 1986, ua loaʻa i ka 4th unit o Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant ma Ukraine (ko Soviet Union ma mua) i ke ahi nui a me ka pahū mahu. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pōʻino i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma luna o 5% o ka radioactive reactor core e loaʻa ana ma luna o 100 mau mea radioactive (ka nui o iodine-131, caesium-137, a me strontium-90) i ke kaiapuni. Ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka pae radiation no nā mea ola ma kahi kokoke e ola. Ua pepehi ʻia nā lāʻau paina ma 10 sq km wahi e puni ana i ke kahua ulia pōpilikia i loko o nā pule ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano make o ka radiation. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i ola wale kekahi mau ʻōpala a me nā haʻi ʻeleʻele i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka radiation kiʻekiʻe akā ua ʻike ʻia e ulu ana ma ke kahua ulia. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā haʻawina ma hope ma kahi o 2000 mau ʻano o 200 mau ʻano haʻiki mai ka pūnaewele. Ua ʻike ʻia ua ulu ka fungal hyphae i ke kumu o ka beta ionizing a me ka radiation gamma e like me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka lā. ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka hoihoi, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka radiation ionizing me he mea lā ua hiki i ka melanized fungal cell i hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana e hōʻike ana i ka hopu ʻana i ka ikehu e ka melanin pigment i ke alo o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe (e like me ka hopu ʻana o ka ikehu e ka chlorophyll i ka lā i ka photosynthesis). I ka makahiki 2022, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua ma luna o ka International Space Station (ISS) e hōʻike ana kēia mau haʻani i ka hiki ke kū i ka lekiō a me ka radio-synthesis i ka lewa pū kekahi. Hōʻike kēia i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā haʻani melanised e ola a ulu i nā kūlana radiation nui e like me Chernobyl ulia pōpilikia i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e pale i kahi noho hohonu o ke kanaka mai nā kukuna cosmic a e hopu i ka ikehu (mai nā kukui cosmic) e hoʻoikaika i ka ikehu-autonomy o nā mikiona hohonu e like me Artemis i nā noho kanaka e hiki mai ana ma ka Moon a me Mars.  

Hoʻohana ka nui o nā reactors nuklea ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka uranium i hoʻonui ʻia ma kahi o 3-5% Uranium-235 ma ke ʻano he fissile (e hoʻohana paha kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka Plutonium-239 a i ʻole Thorium-233). ʻO nā huahana mua o ka fission hoʻomalu o Uranium-235 i loko o nā reactors he māmā māmā o Krypton a me Barium, nā neutrons manuahi a me ka nui o ka ikehu. ʻO nā palaho radioactive hou o nā ʻāpana fissile māmā paʻa ʻole (Krypton a me Barium nuclei) hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻāpana beta, nā kukui gamma a me nā huahana paʻa ʻē aʻe.  

Chernobyl ulia (1986) 

I ka makahiki 1986, pahū ke ahi a me ka mahu ma ka 4th unit o Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant ma Ukraine (a laila Soviet Union) i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma luna o 5% o ka radioactive reactor core i loko o ke kaiapuni. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ulia pōpilikia ma mua o 100 mau mea radioactive i loko o ke kaiapuni, ʻo ia ka iodine-131, caesium-137, a me strontium-90. ʻO nā mea hope ʻelua (ʻo ia hoʻi. caesium-137 a me strontium-90) aia nō i ka nui o ka nui o ka nohona kūloko no ka mea ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hapalua o ke ola ma kahi o 30 mau makahiki. ʻO kēia mau isotopes ʻelua ke kuleana nui no ka Exclusion Zone ʻo ia ka wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka radioactively ma ka Honua.  

He kiʻekiʻe loa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pāhawewe kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau wahi ma ka ʻĀpana Hoʻokaʻawale. He 20,000 roentgens i kēlā me kēia hola ka pae hoʻoheheʻe i luku ʻia (no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ma kahi o 500 roentgens ma luna o ʻelima mau hola ka mea make o ka pāhawewe, ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 1% o ka pāhawewe kokoke i kahi kahua reactor i luku ʻia).   

Ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka pae radiation ma ka ʻāpana 10 sq km e hoʻopuni ana i ka mea kanu Chernobyl i loko o ka Exclusion Zone (i kapa ʻia ʻo Red Forest) i make ai nā kaukani lāʻau paina i loko o nā pule ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana i kahi kokoke. 60-100 Grays (Gy) o ka radiation. Ua make kēia ʻano pāhawewe i nā lāʻau paina ma ia wahi i lilo i ʻulaʻula a make. I kēia mau lā, piʻi nā kukuna gamma ma kahi o 17 millirem/hour (ma kahi o 170 µSv/h) ma kekahi mau wahi o ka Nahele Ulaula. ʻO nā kukuna Gamma he ikehu kiʻekiʻe loa. Hoʻokomo lākou i ka hohonu a hoʻokuʻu i nā electron mai nā atom a me nā molekala a hana i nā ion a me nā radical manuahi e hoʻopau ai i nā pōʻino i nā cell a me nā ʻiʻo me nā biomolecules koʻikoʻi e like me DNA a me nā enzymes. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kukuna gamma kiʻekiʻe loa i ka make ʻana o nā mea ola e like me ka mea i loaʻa i nā lāʻau paina a puni ke kahua ulia pōpilikia ʻo Chernobyl. ʻAʻole naʻe i nā manawa a pau!  

ʻAʻole i ola wale kekahi mau haʻani akā ua ulu nui ma kahi kahua ulia pōpilikia Chernobyl  

ʻOiai ua pepehi ʻia nā lāʻau paina ma 10 sq km wahi e puni ana i ke kahua ulia pōpilikia i loko o nā pule ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka radiation kiʻekiʻe loa, kekahi mau haʻuki ʻeleʻele. ʻO Cladosporium sphaerospermum a Alternaria alternata Ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻāpana 4 i hōʻino ʻia i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope o ka ulia pōpilikia ʻoiai ua make ka pae radiation. He mea haohao keia. Ma ka makahiki 2004, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā haʻawina like ʻole ma kahi o 2000 mau ʻano o 200 mau ʻano haʻiki mai ka wahi ulia.  

ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ua ʻike ʻia ua ulu ka fungal hyphae i ke kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana (e like me ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka lā e hōʻike ana i ka phototropism). Ma ke ana ʻana i ka pane ʻana o ka fungal i ka radiation ionizing, ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻo ka beta a me ka gamma radiation e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o ka hyphae i ke kumu.  

Ma muli o ka maʻamau o nā ʻano microbial melanized i ke ʻano, ua manaʻo ʻia he kuleana ko ka puaʻa melanin i kēia mana kupaianaha o kekahi mau haʻani e ola a ulu i nā lepo i haumia i nā ʻāpana fissile (radionuclides). Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua i paʻi ʻia ma 2007 ʻo ia ka hihia. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o ka melanin i ka radiation ionizing ke kī. Ua hoʻololi ka radiation ionizing i nā waiwai uila o nā puaʻa melanin e hiki ai i nā sela fungal melanized i hoʻonui i ka ulu ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka radiation ionizing. He kuleana ko kēia melanin i ka hopu ikehu (radiosynthesis), e like me ka chlorophyll i loko o photosynthesis. ʻO ia hoʻi ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau haʻuki i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā radionuclides contamination.   

Deep-space Nā mikiona kanaka a me nā wahi noho  

I ka wā lōʻihi, holo ka honua āpau i nā mea hoʻoweliweli mai nā hopena mai ka lewa no laila pono ke kanaka e lilo i mau ʻano honua honua. Manaʻo ʻia nā mikiona kanaka hohonu no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā wahi noho kanaka ma waho o ka honua. ʻO Artemis Moon Mission ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma kēia ʻaoʻao e manaʻo ana e hoʻokumu i ka noho kanaka lōʻihi ma luna a puni ka mahina i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no nā mikiona kanaka a me nā noho ʻana ma Mars.   

ʻO kekahi o nā paʻakikī nui loa ma mua o nā mikiona kanaka hohonu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka neʻe mau o nā kukuna cosmic ikaika e hoʻopuni ana ma nā wahi āpau o ka lewa. Mālama ka honua magnetic iā mākou mai nā kukuna cosmic ma ka honua, akā ʻo ia ka pilikia olakino nui loa no nā misionari kanaka ma ka lewa. No laila, pono nā mikiona hohonu i nā pale pale mai nā kukuna cosmic. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke lilo ka radiation cosmic i kumu palena ʻole o ka ikehu a hoʻonui i ka ikehu-autonomy o nā misionari hohonu hohonu inā loaʻa nā ʻenehana kūpono e hoʻohana iā lākou. 

Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā haʻuki e ulu ana i ka pā uila kiʻekiʻe ma Chernobyl i kahi hoʻonā i nā pilikia i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka radiation cosmic i nā mikiona kanaka a me nā wahi noho hohonu.  

E like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna nei, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻani melanised e ulu ana ma ke kahua hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant i poino a me nā wahi hoʻonaninani kiʻekiʻe ma ka Honua. ʻIke ʻia, hoʻohana nā puaʻa melanin i loko o kēia mau haʻuki i ka pāhawewe ikehu kiʻekiʻe e hana i ka ikehu kemika (e like me ke ʻano o ka chlorophyl o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻohana ai i nā kukuna o ka lā i ka photosynthesis). No laila, hiki i nā fungi Chernobyl ke hana ma ke ʻano he pale pale e kūʻē i nā kukuna cosmic ikaika nui (radio-resistance) a me ka mea hana ikehu (radiosynthesis) i nā mikiona hohonu inā hoʻonui ko lākou hiki i nā kukuna cosmic i ka lewa. Ua hoʻāʻo nā mea noiʻi i kēia ma ka lewa.  

ʻO ka fungus ʻO Cladosporium sphaerospermum ua mahi ʻia ma luna o ka International Space Station (ISS) e aʻo i kona ulu a me ka hiki ke hoʻomoʻa a hoʻomāmā i nā kukuna cosmic ionizing ma luna o 26 mau lā ma kahi kūlana e like me ka noho ʻana ma ka ʻili o Mars. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena i ka attenuation radiation cosmic ma muli o ka biomass fungal a me ka pōmaikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana i ka lewa e hōʻike ana e hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia nā mana i hōʻike ʻia e kekahi mau fungi ma ke kahua ulia pōpilikia o Chernobyl i nā kukuna cosmic i ka lewa.  

ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia akā hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke lawe i kēia mau haʻi i ka Monn a me Mars kahi me ke kōkua o nā ʻōnaehana kūpono e lilo ai kēia mau haʻuki i mea hana i ka ikehu kemika.  

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E hoʻomaopopo ':  

1. Zhdanova NN, ¶ AL 2004. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ionizing e huki i nā haʻi lepo. ʻO Mycol Res. 108: 1089–1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204000966 

2. Dadachova E., ¶ AL 2007. Hoʻololi ʻo Ionizing Radiation i nā pono uila o ka Melanin a hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana o nā haʻi melanized. PLOS ʻEkahi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000457 

3. ʻO Dighton J., Tugay T., a me Zhdanova N., 2008. ʻO nā haʻuki a me ka radiation ionizing mai nā radionuclides. FEMS Microbiology Letters, Volume 281, Puka 2, ʻApelila 2008, ʻaoʻao 109–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01076.x 

4. Ekaterina D. & Casadevall A., 2008. Ionizing radiation: pehea e hoʻokō ai, hoʻololi, a hoʻohana ʻia me ke kōkua o ka melanin. Manaʻo o kēia manawa i ka Microbiology. Volume 11, Puka 6, Kekemapa 2008, ʻaoʻao 525-531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.013 

5. Averesch NJH ¶ AL 2022. Ka Hoʻoulu ʻana i ka Hahu Dematiaceous ʻO Cladosporium sphaerospermum Ma luna o ka International Space Station a me nā hopena o ka Ionizing Radiation. Imua. Microbiol., 05 Iulai 2022. Sec. ʻO ka Microbiology Nui Volume 13 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.877625 

6. Sihver L., 2022. ʻO Chernobyl Fungi ma ke ʻano he mea hana ikehu. Loaʻa ma https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022cosp…44.2639S/abstract 

7. Tibolla MH, a me Fischer J., 2025. Radiotrophic fungi a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he bioremediation agents o nā wahi i hoʻopili ʻia e ka radiation a me nā mea pale. Noiʻi, Ka Lahui a me ka Hoʻomohala. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v14i1.47965 

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