ʻO ka moʻolelo o nā Coronaviruses: Pehea ka puka ʻana o ka "novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)"?

ʻAʻole hou nā Coronaviruses; ʻO kēia mau mea kahiko e like me nā mea a pau o ka honua a ua ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ke anu maʻamau i waena o nā kānaka no nā makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kāna ʻano hou loa, ʻo ka 'SARS-CoV-2' i kēia manawa i ka nūhou no ke kumu Covid-19 he mea hou ka maʻi maʻi.  

ʻO ka pinepine, ke anu maʻamau (ma muli o ka hui coronavirus a me kekahi nā maʻi maʻi e like me rhinoviruses) huikau me ka ma'i ma'i.   

ʻO ka maʻi maʻi a me ke anu maʻamau, ʻoiai he ʻokoʻa nā hōʻailona like ʻelua ma ke ʻano he kumu like ʻole nā maʻi maʻi pau loa.  

ʻO ka maʻi maʻi a i ʻole ka influenza nā maʻi maʻi loaʻa i kahi genome i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kumu o ka hoʻololi antigenic i loaʻa ma muli o ka hui hou ʻana i waena nā maʻi maʻi o ka genus like, no laila e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o nā protein ma ka ʻili viral kuleana no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka pane immune. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o kēia ma kahi ʻano i kapa ʻia he antigenic drift i loaʻa mai mea hoʻomaʻi hōʻiliʻili i nā hoʻololi (hoʻololi i kāna DNA structure) ma kahi manawa e hoʻololi ai i ke ʻano o nā protein o ka ʻili. He mea paʻakikī kēia mau mea i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kano e kūʻē iā lākou i hiki ke hāʻawi i ka pale no ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi hope loa o ka maʻi maʻi Spanish o 1918 i pepehi i nā miliona o ka poʻe ma muli o ka maʻi maʻi a i ʻole ka maʻi maʻi mea hoʻomaʻi. He ʻokoʻa kēia mai nā coronaviruses.  

ʻO nā Coronaviruses, ke kuleana no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke anuanu maʻamau, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole loaʻa kahi genome ʻāpana no laila ʻaʻohe hoʻololi antigenic. He liʻiliʻi loa lākou a alakaʻi i ka make o ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Ka ino o aihua ua kaupalena ʻia i nā hōʻailona anu wale nō a loaʻa ʻole ka maʻi nui i kekahi. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻino o aihua i ka wā i hala iho nei, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 2002-03 ma Kina Hema a ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia he 8096 mau hihia, ʻo ka hopena o 774 mau make ma 26 mau ʻāina a me MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) i ʻike ʻia he 9 mau makahiki ma hope o 2012 ma Saudi Arabia a kumu i 2494 mau hihia, a he 858 mau make ma 27 mau ʻāina¹. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomau kēia i ka hopena a nalo koke (i loko o 4-6 mau mahina), ma muli paha o kona ʻano ʻino a/a i ʻole ma muli o ka hahai ʻana i nā kaʻina hana epidemiological kūpono no ka mālama ʻana. No laila, ʻaʻohe mea i manaʻo ʻia i kēlā manawa e hoʻopukapuka nui a hoʻomohala i kahi kano e kūʻē i kēlā a ka hui coronavirus.  

ka hope loa ʻano of ka hui coronavirus, ka moolelo ka hui coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pili me SARS a me MERS² ʻo ia ka mea maʻi maʻi a me ka maʻi ʻino i nā kānaka. Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo ia ma Wuhan Kina akā ua lilo koke ia i maʻi maʻi a laha a puni ka honua e lawe i ke ʻano o ka maʻi maʻi. ʻO kēia ka laha wikiwiki ʻana ma nā ʻāina i koho ʻia ma muli wale nō o ka virulence kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻi maʻi i hana ʻia e nā loli i ke kumukānāwai genetic o ka mea hoʻomaʻi a i ʻole ma muli paha o ka nele o ka hana maʻi maʻi i ka manawa ma ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mana aupuni / transnational e pili ana i kaohi ʻana i nā hana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka manawa, a laila e make ai ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau make a hiki i kēia manawa ke hoʻopau nei i ka ʻoihana honua.    

ʻO kēia ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala kanaka e kū nei ka hui coronavirus Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻololi ʻia i kāna genome i hoʻolilo iā ia i kahi ʻano ʻino loa, kuleana no ka maʻi maʻi o kēia manawa.  

Akā he aha paha ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hoʻoheheʻe antigenic nui e hana ai i ka SARS-CoV-2 i ka maʻi a me ka maʻi?  

Aia kekahi mau manaʻo e hele a puni i ke kaiāulu ʻepekema e kuhikuhi ana i ke kumu o SARS-CoV-2^3,4. ʻO ka poʻe kākoʻo i ke kumu i hana ʻia e ke kanaka mea hoʻomaʻi manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo nā loli genome i ʻike ʻia ma SARS-CoV-2 e lōʻihi loa ka manawa e ulu maoli ai, aʻo nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ke kūʻē nei he kumu maoli ia.⁵ no ka mea, ina na kanaka e hana i ka mea hoʻomaʻi no ke aha lā lākou e hana ai i kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa maikaʻi loa i hiki ke hōʻeha i kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi akā hoʻopaʻa i ka sub-optimally i nā cell kanaka a ʻaʻole i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka mea i ʻike ʻia. mea hoʻomaʻi. 

E like me ka mea e hiki ai, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka mea e mau nei i kahi kokoke i hewa ʻole mea hoʻomaʻi ua hoʻololi ʻia ka genetic e hoʻololi iā ia iho i lilo i SARS/MERS maʻalahi, a i ka hopena i loko o kahi ʻano infectious a virulent (SARS-CoV-2) i loko o kahi manawa o 18-20 mau makahiki, ʻike ʻia he mea maʻamau. ʻO kēlā ʻano hoʻoheheʻe antigenic koʻikoʻi, kahi i loaʻa i ka continuum ma waena, ʻaʻole paha e hiki ke hana ma kahi papa maʻamau, i loko o ka hale hana o Mother Earth, i loko o kahi manawa pōkole. ʻOiai inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kaomi ʻana i ke kaiapuni i hoʻomaka i kēlā koho i ka evolution?  

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E hoʻomaopopo ': 

1. ʻO Padron-Regalado E. Vaccines no SARS-CoV-2: Nā haʻawina mai nā ʻano Coronavirus ʻē aʻe [i paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele ma mua o ka paʻi ʻana, 2020 Apr 23]. ʻO Infect Dis Ther. 2020;9(2):1-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-020-00300-x    

2. Liangsheng Z, Fu-ming S, Fei C, Zhenguo L. Origin and Evolution of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus, Nā maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi, Volume 71, Puka 15, 1 ʻAukake 2020, ʻaoʻao 882–883, DOI:https://doi.org/.1093/cid/ciaa112 

3. Morens DM, Breman JG, et al 2020. ʻO ke kumu o COVID-19 a me ke kumu he mea nui ia. ʻO ka American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele: 22 Iulai 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0849  

4. Ua lele ʻo York A. Novel coronavirus mai nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa? Nat Rev Microbiol 18, 191 (2020). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0336-9  

5. Andersen KG, Rambaut, A., Lipkin, WI ¶ AL. ʻO ke kumu kokoke o SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 26, 450–452 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. 

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