Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka galaxy luminous JADES-GS-z14-0 e pili ana i nā ʻike i hana ʻia ma Ianuali 2024 i hōʻike ʻia he 14.32 ʻulaʻula i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka galaxy mamao loa i ʻike ʻia (ʻo JADES-GS-z13-0 ka galaxy mamao loa i ʻike ʻia ma ka redshift. o z = 13.2). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka honua mua ma kahi o 290 miliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka Big Bang. ʻO ka nui o ke kukui hōkū e hōʻike ana he nui a ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,600 mau makahiki māmā ma ka nui. ʻO kēlā galaxy ʻālohilohi, nui a nui i ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka wanaʻao cosmic e hōʻole i ka ʻike o kēia manawa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka galaxy. ʻO nā hōkū mua ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa ʻo ia nā hōkū Pop III me ka metala ʻole a i ʻole ka metala haʻahaʻa loa. Eia naʻe, ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai infrared o JADES-GS-z14-0 galaxy e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka metala e hōʻike ana ua hoʻopau nā hanauna o nā hōkū nui i ko lākou ola-papa mai ka hānau ʻana a hiki i ka pahū supernova ma kahi o 290 miliona mau makahiki i ka honua mua. No laila, kū'ē nā waiwai o kēia galaxy me ka ʻike o kēia manawa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka galaxy i ke ao mua.
ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa mua loa, ma kahi o 380,000 mau makahiki ma hope o ka Big Bang, ua hoʻopiha ʻia me nā kinoea ionised a ua opaque piha ma muli o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā kiʻi e nā electrons manuahi. Ua ukali ʻia kēia e ka wā kū ʻole o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i hala ma kahi o 400 miliona mau makahiki. I kēia wā, ʻaʻole kū ʻole ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ua puka mai ka malamalama mua ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ua lilo i ʻulaʻula i ka microwave ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Ma muli o ka piha ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa me nā kinoea kū ʻole, ʻaʻohe hōʻailona optical i hoʻokuʻu ʻia (no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka makahiki ʻeleʻele). ʻAʻole hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea un-ionized i ka mālamalama no laila paʻakikī ke aʻo ʻana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ka wā kū ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka radiation microwave o 21 cm ka lōʻihi o ka nalu (e like me 1420 MHz) i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ke anuanu cosmic hydrogen i kēia wā ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hyperfine mai ka spin parallel i ka spin anti-parallel paʻa e hāʻawi i nā manawa kūpono i nā astronomers. E hoʻololi ʻia kēia radiation microwave 21 knm i ka hiki ʻana i ka honua a e nānā ʻia ma 200MHz a 10 MHz mau alapine e like me nā hawewe lekiō. ʻO ka Hoʻopiʻi (Radio Experiment for the Analysis of Cosmic Hydrogen) Manaʻo ka hoʻokolohua e ʻike i ka laina 21-cm paʻakikī mai Cosmic Hydrogen.
ʻO ka manawa o ka reionization ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka mōʻaukala o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i hala ma kahi o 400 miliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka Big Bang a i 1 biliona makahiki. Ua ho'onele hou 'ia ke kinoea ma muli o ka ikehu ki'eki'e o nā kukuna UV i ho'opuka 'ia e nā hōkū mua ikaika. Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā galaxies a me nā quasars i kēia wā. ʻO nā kukui o kēia wā he ʻulaʻula ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻulaʻula a me ka infrared. He hoʻomaka hou ka noiʻi ʻana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kukui primordial. Pono ʻia kahi mākaʻikaʻi infrared ma ke ākea. Hoʻolaha wale ʻo JWST i ka astronomy infrared i e aʻo i ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka lā 25 Dekemaba 2021. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻonoho ʻia ʻo tt ma kahi orbit kokoke i ka Lā-Earth L2 Lagrange ma kahi o 1.5 miliona km mai ka honua. Ua hoʻohana piha ʻia i Iulai 2022. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā mea hana ʻepekema nui ma luna o ka moku e like me NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera), NIRSpec (Near Infrared Spectrograph), MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), ʻimi ʻo JWST i nā hōʻailona optical/infrared mai nā hōkū mua a me nā galaxies. i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka Universe no ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā galaxies a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā hōkū a me nā ʻōnaehana honua. I nā makahiki ʻelua i hala iho nei, ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia i nā hopena hoihoi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wanaʻao honua (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka manawa i loko o nā haneli miliona mau makahiki mua ma hope o ka big bang kahi i hānau ʻia ai nā galaxies mua).
Ka polokalamu JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES).
Ke manaʻo nei kēia papahana e aʻo i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka galaxy mai ka ʻulaʻula kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ke awakea cosmic ma ke ʻano o ke kiʻi infrared a me ka spectroscopy ma nā kahua hohonu GOODS-S a me GOODS-N.
I ka makahiki mua, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻo JADES i nā haneli he nui o nā moho mai ka 650 miliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka pā nui. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 2023, ua ʻike lākou i kahi galaxy i loko o kā lākou ʻikepili i ʻike ʻia aia ma kahi ʻulaʻula o 14 e hōʻike ana he galaxy mamao loa ia akā he mālamalama loa. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia he ʻāpana ia o kekahi galaxy ma muli o ke kokoke. No laila, ua ʻike lākou i ka loaʻa ʻana ma ʻOkakopa 2023. Ua kākoʻo ka ʻikepili hou iā ia ma ka hoʻololi ʻulaʻula o 14. Pono kahi kikoʻī o kēia galaxy no ka ʻike ʻana i kahi o Lyman-alpha break i ka spectrum e ana i ka neʻe ʻulaʻula a hoʻoholo i ka makahiki.
ʻO Lyman-alpha kahi laina hoʻoheheʻe spectral o ka hydrogen i ka moʻo Lyman i ka wā e hoʻololi ai nā electrons mai n=2 a i n=1. ʻO ke kiko o ka haʻihaʻi ʻo Lyman-alpha i ke kiko kikoʻī e pili ana i ka lōʻihi nalu i ʻike ʻia (λʻikeʻia). Hiki ke helu ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻulaʻula (z) e like me ke ʻano z = (λʻikeʻia – λhoʻomaha) / λhoʻomaha
ʻO JADES-GS-z14-0 kahakia
No laila, ʻike hou ʻia ka galaxy i Ianuali 2024 me ka NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera) a me NIRSpec (Near Infrared Spectrograph). Hāʻawi ka nānā ʻana i nā aniani i nā hōʻike maopopo ʻana aia ka galaxy ma kahi ʻulaʻula o 14.32, e hoʻolilo iā ia ka galaxy mamao loa i ʻike ʻia (ka moʻolelo galaxy mamao loa ma mua (JADES-GS-z13-0 ma ka ʻulaʻula o z = 13.2). Ua kapa ʻia ʻo JADES. -GS-z14-0, he aniani ʻālohilohi ma kahi mamao he 13.5 biliona makahiki māmā a ʻoi aku, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,600 mau makahiki māmā ka nui i manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā hōkū ʻōpio ke kumu o kona mālamalama ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i kahi galaxy i ʻoi aku ma mua o 300 miliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka Big Bang ʻaʻole kūpono ia i nā ʻano hoʻohālike o ka hoʻokumu ʻana.
Nui aʻe nā mea haohao ma ka hale kūʻai.
Ua hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke ʻike iā JADES-GS-z14-0 ma nā hawewe lōʻihi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument). ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka hopu ʻana i nā mea hoʻokuʻu ʻike ʻia mai kēia galaxy i hoʻololi ʻulaʻula a lilo i waho o ka laulā no nā mea kani-infrared kokoke. Hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen ionised e hōʻike ana i ka metallicity kiʻekiʻe. Hiki kēia i ka wā i noho mua ai nā hanauna he nui o nā hōkū i ko lākou ola.
ʻO nā hōkū mua ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa he ʻole-metala a haʻahaʻa loa. Kapa ʻia lākou i nā hōkū Pop III a i ʻole nā hōkū Population III. ʻO nā hōkū metala haʻahaʻa nā hōkū Pop II. Loaʻa i nā hōkū ʻōpio nā mea metala kiʻekiʻe a kapa ʻia ʻo "Pop I stars" a i ʻole nā hōkū metala lā. Me ka 1.4% metala kiʻekiʻe, he hōkū hou ka lā. Ma ka astronomy, ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka helium i manaʻo ʻia he metala. ʻO nā metala kemika ʻole e like me ka oxygen, nitrogen, etc. Hoʻonui ʻia nā hōkū i kēlā me kēia hanauna ma hope o ka hanana supernova. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike metala i nā hōkū e hōʻike ana i ka ʻōpio.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka makahiki o ka galaxy ʻo JADES-GS-z14-0 ʻaʻole ia ma mua o 300 miliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka Big Bang, pono nā hōkū o kēia galaxy he Pop III nā hōkū me ka ʻole-metala maʻiʻo. Eia naʻe, loaʻa i ka MIRI o JWST ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen.
Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻike a me nā ʻike ma luna, ʻaʻole kūlike nā waiwai o ka galaxy mua o ke ao holoʻokoʻa JADES-GS-z14-0 me ka ʻike o kēia manawa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā galaxy. Pehea e hiki ai i kahi galaxy me ia mau hiʻohiʻona ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i 290 miliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka Bing Bang? Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā galaxia he nui i kēia mua aku. Aia paha he ʻokoʻa o nā galaxia ma ka Cosmic Dawn.
***
E hoʻomaopopo ':
- Carniani, S., ¶ AL. 2024. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo spectroscopic o ʻelua mau aniani ʻālohilohi ma kahi ʻulaʻula o 14. Nature (2024). Hoʻopuka ʻia 24 Iulai 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9 . Paʻi mua ma axRiv. Waiho ʻia 28 Mei 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.18485
- Helton JM, ¶ AL 2024. JWST/MIRI photometric ʻike ma 7.7 μm o ka hoʻomau hōkū a me ka nebular hoʻokuʻu i loko o kahi aniani ma z>14. Paʻi mua ma axRiv. Waiho ʻia 28 Mei 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.18462
- ʻO ka NASA James Webb Space Telescope. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona mua - ʻike ʻo James Webb Space Telescope o NASA i ka Galaxy ʻike mamao loa. Hoʻopuka ʻia 30 Mei 2024. Loaʻa ma https://webbtelescope.org/contents/early-highlights/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-finds-most-distant-known-galaxy
***
. It was formed in the early universe about 290 million years after the Big Bang. The copious amount of starlight implies it is massive and is over 1,600-light years across in size. Such a luminous, massive and large galaxy in the early universe at cosmic dawn defies current understanding of galaxy formation. The first stars in the universe Pop III stars with zero-metal or extremely low-metal. However, study of infrared properties of JADES-GS-z14-0 galaxy reveals presence of oxygen which means metal enrichment implying generations of massive stars had already completed their life-courses from births to supernova explosion by about 290 million years in the early universe. Properties of this galaxy is at odds with the current understanding of galaxy formation in the early universe.){kind=link}