Ua ʻike a ua hana nā kānaka noiʻi i kahi enzyme hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻopau i kekahi o kā mākou mau plastics haumia maʻamau, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻolana no ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hakakā ʻana i ka haumia.
ʻO ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i nā plastics ka pilikia nui loa o ke kaiapuni ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano o ka haumia plastic a ʻo ka hopena kūpono loa i kēia pilikia e mau ana ka paʻakikī. Hana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā plastics mai ka petroleum a i ʻole ke kinoea kūlohelohe he mau kumuwaiwai hiki ʻole ke hoʻohou hou ʻia i unuhi ʻia a hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana ikehu nui. No laila, ʻo kā lākou hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana he mea luku loa ia no nā ʻōnaehana palupalu. ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka plastic (ʻo ka hapa nui ma o ka puhi ʻana) ke kumu o ka haumia o ka ea, ka wai a me ka ʻāina . Ma kahi o 79 pakeneka o ka plastic i hana ʻia i nā makahiki 70 i hala iho nei ua hoʻolei ʻia, i loko o nā kahua hoʻolei ʻōpala a i ʻole i loko o ke kaiapuni holoʻokoʻa ʻoiai he ʻeiwa pakeneka wale nō i hana hou ʻia me ke koena i puhi ʻia. Hōʻike kēia kaʻina hana o ka puhi ʻana i nā limahana palupalu i nā kemika ʻawaʻawa e komo pū ana me nā mea hoʻoulu maʻi kanesa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia aia i loko o nā moana kekahi mau ʻāpana microplastic 51 trillion a ke hoʻopau mālie nei i ke ola kai. Puhi ʻia kekahi o nā microparticles plastic i ka lewa e alakaʻi ana i ka haumia a he mea hiki maoli paha iā mākou ke hanu iā lākou. ʻAʻohe mea i hiki ke wānana i nā makahiki 1960 e lilo ana ka hiki ʻana mai a me ke kaulana o nā palakiko i mea kaumaha i kekahi lā me nā ʻōpala palakiko nui e lana ana i ko kākou mau moana nani, ka lewa a hoʻolei ʻia ma ko kākou mau ʻāina makamae.
ʻO ka ʻōpala palaki ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa a me ka hoʻohana ʻino loa o nā palaki. Akā ʻo ka pilikia, aia ka ʻeke palaki ma nā wahi āpau, hoʻohana ʻia no nā kumu liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe kaohi ma luna o kona hoʻohana ʻana. ʻAʻole palaho kēia ʻano palaki synthetic, akā noho wale a hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻōpala a hāʻawi i ka haumia o ke kaiapuni . Ua loaʻa nā hana no ka "pāpā piha ʻana i ka palaki", ʻoiai ka polystyrene i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpala. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia e alakaʻi ana i nā hopena i makemake ʻia no ka mea ua nui ka palaki ma ka ʻāina, ka ea a me ka wai a ke ulu mau nei. Palekana ke ʻōlelo ʻana ʻaʻole paha e ʻike ʻia ka palaki e ka maka ʻōlohelohe i nā manawa āpau akā aia ma nā wahi āpau! He mea pōʻino ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia hana hou a me ka hoʻolei ʻana o ka mea palaki.
Ma kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi i kahi enzyme kūlohelohe i ʻike ʻia e hānai ana i ka plastic. He ʻike manawaleʻa kēia i ko lākou nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o kahi enzyme i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻōpala i mākaukau e hele no ka hana hou ʻana ma kahi kikowaena ma Iapana. ʻO kēia enzyme i kapa ʻia ʻo Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6, hiki iā ia ke "ʻai" a "hānai" paha i ka plastic PET a i ʻole polyethylene terephthalate i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā miliona tona o nā ʻōmole plastic. ʻO ka enzyme i ʻae i ka bacteria e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka plastic ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai. ʻAʻohe hopena hana hou i kēia manawa no ka PET a ʻo nā ʻōmole plastic i hana ʻia me PET e mau nei no nā haneli mau makahiki i ke kaiapuni. Ua hoʻoulu kēia noiʻi i alakaʻi ʻia e nā hui ma ke Kulanui o Portsmouth a me ka United States Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) i ka manaʻolana nui.
ʻO ka pahuhopu mua ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano kristal ʻekolu-dimensional o kēia enzyme kūlohelohe (i kapa ʻia ʻo PETase) a hoʻohana i kēia ʻike e hoʻomaopopo ai pehea e hana ai kēia enzyme. Ua hoʻohana lākou i kahi kukuna ikaika o nā kukuna X - he 10 biliona mau manawa ʻoi aku ka mālamalama ma mua o ka lā - e wehewehe i ke ʻano a ʻike i nā ʻātoma pākahi. Ua hiki i kēlā mau kukuna ikaika ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hana o loko o ka enzyme a hāʻawi i nā blueprint pololei e hiki ai ke hana i nā enzymes wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia ua like loa ke ʻano o PETase me kekahi enzyme i kapa ʻia ʻo cutinase koe wale nō he hiʻohiʻona kūikawā ko PETase a me kahi kahua hana "wehe", i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokipa i nā polymers i hana ʻia e ke kanaka (ma kahi o nā mea kūlohelohe). Ua hōʻike koke kēia mau ʻokoʻa e hiki ke ulu nui ʻia ʻo PETase ma kahi kaiapuni i loaʻa iā PET a no laila hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā PET. Ua hoʻololi lākou i ka pūnaewele hana PETase e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea e like me cutinase. ʻO ka mea i ukali ʻia he hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, ua hiki i ka mutant PETase ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā PET ma mua o ka PETase kūlohelohe. No laila, i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki o ka enzyme kūlohelohe, ua hoʻopau nā mea noiʻi i ka hana ʻenekinia hou i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka enzyme kūlohelohe i ka wāwahi ʻana i nā plastics PET . Hiki i kēia enzyme ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka polyethylene furandicarboxylate, a i ʻole PEF, kahi pani bio-based no nā plastics PET. Ua hoʻoulu kēia i ka manaʻolana e hoʻoponopono i nā substrates ʻē aʻe e like me PEF (Polyethylene Furanoate) a i ʻole PBS (Polybutylene succinate). Hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nā mea hana no ka ʻenekinia enzyme a me ka evolution no ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana. Ke nānā nei nā mea noiʻi i kahi ala e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka enzyme i hiki ai ke hoʻokomo ʻia kāna hana i loko o kahi hoʻonohonoho ʻoihana nui ikaika. Ua like loa ke kaʻina hana ʻenekinia me nā enzymes e hoʻohana ʻia nei i nā detergents holoi bio a i ʻole i ka hana ʻana i nā biofuels. Aia ka ʻenehana a no laila e hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka ola ʻoihana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Pono ka noiʻi hou ʻana no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano o kēia haʻawina. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻokaʻawale ka enzyme i nā ʻāpana plastik nui i ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, no laila ke kākoʻo nei ia i ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻōmole plastik akā pono e hoʻihoʻi mua ʻia kēia plastik āpau. Hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia kēia 'ili'ili "li'ili'i" no ka ho'iho'i 'ana iā lākou i nā hue plastik. ʻAʻole hiki i ka enzyme ke "hele a ʻimi i ka plastic ma kāna iho" i ke kaiapuni. ʻO kahi koho i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kanu ʻana i kēia enzyme i loko o kekahi mau bacteria e hiki ke hoʻomaka e wāwahi i ka plastic i kahi kiʻekiʻe aʻe me ka pale ʻana i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hopena lōʻihi o kēia enzyme.
ʻO ka hopena o ia ʻano hopena hou e hoʻoponopono ai i nā ʻōpala plastik e kiʻekiʻe loa ia ma ka pae honua. Ua hoʻāʻo mākou e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia plastik mai ka wā i hiki mai ai ka plastik ponoʻī. Ua loaʻa nā kānāwai e pāpā ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi plastik a ua makemake ʻia ka plastik hana hou ʻia ma nā wahi āpau. ʻOiai nā hana liʻiliʻi e like me ka pāpā ʻana i nā ʻeke lawe plastik ma nā hale kūʻai nui ua laha ma nā pāpāho āpau. ʻO ke kumu, pono mākou e hana wikiwiki inā makemake mākou e mālama i ko mākou honua mai ka haumia plastik . ʻOiai pono mākou e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana hou ʻana i ko mākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā me ka paipai ʻana i kā mākou mau keiki e hana pēlā. Pono nō mākou i kahi hopena maikaʻi lōʻihi e hiki ke hele pū me kā mākou mau hana ponoʻī. Hōʻailona kēia noiʻi i kahi hoʻomaka no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kekahi o nā pilikia nui loa e kū nei i ko mākou honua.
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Puna (s)
Harry P et al. 2018. Ke ʻano a me ka ʻenekinia ʻana o kahi polyesterase ʻala e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ka plastic. Nā Hana o ka National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718804115
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